I think I found a counterexample to the common wisdom that more walls always create a stronger part.
The pictured S shape is 1.5mm thick, so printing with 2 walls leaves no room for infill. My testing wasn’t very rigorous, but it seems that the hybrid structure of walls + rectilinear infill is 10-20% more rigid than walls alone. The infill adds strength by cris-crossing between adjacent layers.
I think it’s fine to include a concentric top/bottom layer, but multiple identical layers weaken the part. I also tried 0 walls (infill only) and that was garbage.
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All you’ve done here is create more walls using a single piece. If you want durability, your design will win as it allows for flex. If you want rigidity, it will be less rigid and take longer to make due to its complexity.
The loss in rigidity is due to creating weak points as the line turns. The gain in flexibility is exactly the same weakness but now a positive. It will take greater force from weight, butt less impact force.
If you’re after rigidity, either cram the space with as few complexities as possible, or fill space with triangles.
It’s not really clear what you’re saying, because they’re both “my design”. Could you specify 1 wall vs. 2 wall?
The 1 walled hook has the infill resisting and pulling back as you try to straighten the hook. When it fails, some of the connections between infill and walls break, causing the hook to lose it’s form or original rigidity permanently. In the case of 2 walled hook, this damage should be less severe, making it more durable.
Okay, but if my 2-wall hook bends into a straight line, then I don’t really care about the durability of that no-longer-hook-shaped object.
Edit: I agree that 2-wall could make sense, if your goal is to reuse the hook (with a more appropriate load) after the heavy load falls off. That’s analogous to protecting a wire with a circuit breaker.
The 2 walled hook is closer to solid plastic too, which should give it the most bonded surface area per layer and make it stronger overall.
The bond between layers or the walls is a lot weaker than just solid material.
Sure, but stronger than just infill to walls.
I think what that person is saying is that in your example the left part would probably be more durable because it is flexible and that the part on the right is less durable but more rigid, basically saying your result is expected and makes sense if you are wanting durability over rigidity.
I think that the part that is unclear is that OP is using durability, rigidity, and strength as they are defined by material science not in common English and they way they differ in definition makes that comment make sense. I’m not a material scientist though so I could be wrong.
I hope that is correct and makes sense hah!
It’s like making a truss vs just straight pipes.
What testing did you complete? Curious to find out how you found it stronger. As in if this is done as a hook, can it hold more load ?
I just tested this hook by hanging a 5 gallon bucket and gradually adding water. PLA 1 wall = 1710 g, 2 wall = 1178 g. The thing is, a 1.5 mm hook fails by straightening rather than snapping, so rigidity is more important than strength.
Edit: I also tried PETG: 1 wall = 1441 g, 2wall <998 g (failed to hold the empty bucket)
So the 1 wall hooks can support >40% more weight before straightening enough that the bucket slips off. That’s more significant that I expected.
Edit2: Part of that 40% difference is due to friction; the 1-wall hook has a rough surface that makes the bucket less likely to slip off. But even with bluetack on the hooks, 1-wall has less deflection than 2-wall for the same weight.
Another confounding variable is the weight of the hook itself: 2-wall = (0.83g slicer, 0.78g actual); 1-wall = (0.95g slicer, 0.88g actual). I don’t know if that extra weight is coming from density or volume, but either way the stronger hook is more expensive.
Sigh, reality is so complicated.
Nice! Thanks for the work and reply 😊
Lock some calipers (with a rod sticking out) to 1.5mm shorter than the part height, compress it down onto a kitchen scale until the rod is just touching the platform, and record the weight.
That’s just the first procedure that came to mind. I will try to think of a way to do a hook strength test today.
A shape like an S is going to be highly anisotropic with regards to flexing and rigidity. Yes, more walls won’t really help if they are not in the direction to resist the force in question.
Like someone else mentioned, an I beam is basically as strong as a beam with the interior filled in, because that’s where the stress goes.
Really interesting! I wonder what would happen if you combine these two properties. Suppose some length of the middle is all walls, and the hooks are infill, or vice versa. Is there an optimal mix that maximizes the weight it can support in your testing, or have you found the optimal configuration (with infill along the entire length) already?
I haven’t done any tests where the tensile/breaking strength is relevant, just rigidity. Maybe it’s possible to optimize the infill based on finite element analysis or something, but that’s not a rabbit hole I’m looking to go down.
I have tested that an all-walls sandwich (PrusaSlicer “solid infill every 3 layers”) does not improve rigidity. So far nothing beats 1-wall + rectilinear in that department.
Shouldn’t that be obvious? The same way a bundle of hair is softer than a rod of the same thickness. The extreme of this are sandwiches like carbon - lightweight core - carbon. There, the parts that experience the biggest forces (the outermost layer in tension) is extremely stiff, while the core only needs to withstand compression to keep both apart.
No, that shouldn’t be obvious. First of all, the reason a bundle of hair is stronger and stiffer than a rod of equivalent area and material, is not necessarily applicable at the scale of 3D printing layers (there should be an effect, but it gets much more prevalent in smaller scales). Then second, your example with the CFRP Sandwich Panel is not really correct. A full thickness CFRP plate is going to be stiffer and stronger than a Sandwich panel. Will it be much heavier and much more expensive? Yes! Will it be stiffer and stronger? Yes, a little bit. Only specific properties (so, per kg or per dollar) are improved (and by significant amount). Also the core has to withstand out of plane shear in addition to compression and the bending stiffness is highly dependent on this shear stiffness. My assumption for OPs effect is, that the criss-cross pattern is stiffer than the interlaminar shear stiffness of the individual 3D printed layers (but thats just a guess, could also be a quality aspect). This is not true for CFRP Sandwiches. CFRP interlaminar shear stiffness is much higher than of the core material (at least in general). Sorry, don’t want to come across as an ass :)
Everything you say is correct and, to me, obvious and was never disputed.
I think the hair analogy fits this case, obviously it is not 100 % the same.
